Consumer Protection Regulations (LI 1991, 2020)** – Require explicit opt‑in for unsolicited electronic communications; violation can trigger GHS 5,000–30,000 fines per incident.
* **Know‑Your‑Customer (KYC) SIM Registration Regulations 2020** – Every SIM must be linked to the Ghana Card (national ID). Bulk datasets lacking KYC‑compliant numbers risk deletion orders and compliance audits.
Ghana is not party to GDPR, but multinationals processing Ghanaian data in the EU must satisfy GDPR transfer mechanisms. Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) plus a Transfer Impact Assessment (TIA) are standard.
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1. **First‑Party Collection** – In‑app registration, USSD georgia phone number data signups, and QR‑code promos. Pros: iron‑clad consent, fresh KYC linking. Cons: ramp‑up time, incentive cost.
2. **Commercial Data Brokers** – Prices range **US \$0.05–0.12 per double‑opt‑in record** with attributes (gender, district, mobile‑money usage). Reputable brokers provide consent screenshots and DPC registration numbers.
3. **Mobile Money Integrations** – MTN MoMo and Vodafone Cash APIs can export phone‑number lists of transacting customers under a Data Processing Agreement for loyalty campaigns.
4. **Government and NGO Databases** – The Electoral Commission’s voter roll is not publicly available, but NGOs sometimes donate anonymised numbers for health outreach. Use restricted and heavily audited.
5. **Scraped Directories & Leak Markets** – Telegram channels hawk 10 million‑line dumps from email breaches (2016‑21). Usage almost guarantees 15–25 percent invalid numbers and high complaint rates.
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### 5. Data Cleansing and Validation Pipeline
Raw lists in Ghana typically contain 18–30 percent decay due to churn and expired prepaid SIMs. A robust pipeline involves:
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